WORDPLAY

Gr. & Rom. Myth.  a Trojan, son of Anchises and Venus, and hero of Virgil's Aeneid : escaping from ruined Troy, Aeneas wanders for years before coming to Latium: he is considered the ancestor of the Romans

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Anchises, in Roman mythology, Trojan hero; son of Capys and the Titan Themis; father of Aeneas by Aphrodite; died in Sicily

 In mythology Aeneas was regarded as a Roman god. Homer's 'Iliad' compares him with the legendary Hector. He is the hero of Virgil's 'Aeneid' but was revered by the Romans long before the 'Aeneid' was written. They called him Jupiter indiges "the founder of the race."

Aeneas was not of Roman origin. Anchises, his father, was a member of the Trojan royal house. His mother was the goddess of love, Aphrodite. Anchises was sworn never to reveal his marriage to Aphrodite. When Aeneas was born, however, Anchises boasted to his companions. In punishment, he was blinded.

When Troy was conquered in the Trojan War, Aeneas led his warriors out of the burning city, carrying his blind father on his shoulders. Aeneas and his companions then roamed the Mediterranean area for seven years in search of a new homeland. His ships were wrecked off the African coast, near Carthage. Dido, the Carthaginian queen, fell deeply in love with Aeneas and begged him to stay. When he left, Dido killed herself in grief.

Aeneas and his companions settled briefly in Thrace, Crete, and Sicily, before coming to Latium, on the banks of the Tiber. King Latinus made them welcome. Aeneas aided the ruler in his struggles against the Rutuli. Later, Aeneas married Lavinia, daughter of Latinus. He inherited the kingdom after Latinus died, reigning happily and successfully over his united Trojans and Latins. He was killed in a battle with the Etruscans.

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Related articles: RELIGIOUS INSIGHT, AENEAS, ANCHISES

Tags: aeneas, anchises, religious insight

WORDPLAY

(L. name Publius Ovidius Naso ) 43 B.C.-c.  A.D. 17; Rom. Poet

The 'Metamorphoses' of Ovid is one of Western literature's classic works. A long poem in 15 books, it is a collection of mythological stories ranging from the creation of the world to the age of Augustus, the first Roman emperor.

Publius Ovidius Naso was born in Sulmo (now Sulmona), west of Rome, in 43 BC. Educated in Rome, he worked for a while as a civil servant before devoting all his time to poetry. His early works 'Loves', 'The Art of Love', and 'Cure for Love' scandalized many Romans and probably upset Augustus, who was trying to improve the morals of Roman society. A later work 'Fasti' (Calendar) was an account in 12 books of the Roman year and its religious festivals. Composed at the same time he was working on his 'Metamorphoses', it is a national poem containing much flattery of the imperial family, but it failed to impress Augustus. In AD 8 Ovid was summoned before the emperor, accused of serious offences (now unknown), and banished to the city of Tomis on the Black Sea. From Tomis he wrote 'Tristia', an autobiographical work, and 'Letters from the Black Sea' both appeals to Augustus for clemency. Ovid died in Tomis in AD 17.

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Tags: ovid, religious insight

English transcription follows at end.

Υπερηφάνεια και της πορνείας

Πόρνες πω την πιο τρομακτική πτυχή των εγκληματιών είναι να θεωρηθεί ο τρόπος με τον οποίο αντιμετωπίζονται από την αστυνομία. Οι άνδρες και οι γυναίκες που εργάζονται στους δρόμους να πω ότι η αστυνομία δεν είναι απλά αδιάφορος για τα εγκλήματα που διαπράττονται εναντίον τους, αλλά συχνά είναι οι δράστες.

Όμως, οι εργαζόμενοι του σεξ μπορούν πλέον να έχουν την ευκαιρία να αλλάξουν την εργασιακή τους ζωή. Η νοτιοαφρικανική Μεταρρύθμισης του Δικαίου Επιτροπή κυκλοφόρησε ένα έγγραφο για την πορνεία ενηλίκων αυτό το μήνα, ζητώντας για το κοινό έως τα τέλη του Ιουνίου. Το χαρτί που τοποθετεί την πορνεία στο Σύνταγμα της Επιτροπής για τα ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα και την κοινωνική δικαιοσύνη και προτείνει την υφιστάμενη νομοθεσία θα μπορούσε να παραβιάζει τη Νότια Αφρική τις διεθνείς υποχρεώσεις της. Θα μπορούσε να οδηγήσει σε αλλαγές στο επάγγελμα του νομικού καθεστώτος.

Το έγγραφο περιγράφει τέσσερις νομικές μοντέλα του φύλου εργασίας:

Σύνολο ποινικοποίηση - το σημερινό καθεστώς?

Μερική ποινικοποίησης, οι οποίες θα αφορούν μόνο την αγορά του σεξ?

Μη ποινικοποίηση της πορνείας ενηλίκων? Και

Κρατική ρύθμιση της πορνείας ενηλίκων, που περιορίζουν σε συγκεκριμένες ζώνες.

Φύλο εργαζομένων ο οποίος μίλησε για την Mail & Guardian την προηγούμενη εβδομάδα ήταν συντριπτικά υπέρ του συνόλου των αποποινικοποίηση.

Ray είναι ηλικίας 40 ετών που εργάζεται πόρνη δρόμους του Woodstock και αλάτι Ποτάμι στο Κέιπ Τάουν. Είναι μέλος της Sex Worker Εκπαίδευση και Advocacy Taskforce (ιδρώτα), μια μη κερδοσκοπική οργάνωση που λειτουργεί με το φύλο των εργαζομένων.

Ray είναι πιο φοβισμένοι από την αστυνομία. "Είμαστε στόχους για τους επί της οδού," λέει.

"I βιάστηκε από τρεις μπάτσους? Και μερικές φορές έρχονται και να λαμβάνουν τα λεφτά μου από τσέπη μου."

Zodwa, που εργάζεται σε Hillbrow και είναι σύμβουλος σε ιδρώτα του Γιοχάνεσμπουργκ ομόλογό του, Sisonke, λέει η αστυνομία προσέγγιση πόρνες στο δρόμο και να ζητήσετε ένα «κρύο ποτό", πράγμα που μεταφράζεται σε δωροδοκία.

"Αν δεν πληρώσουν θα μας οδηγήσει σε αυτά τα κύτταρα και οι βιασμοί κοριτσιών εκεί."

Αστυνομική παρέμβαση είναι συχνά κακή για τις επιχειρήσεις, αλλά δεν με τον τρόπο που το δίκαιο που προορίζονται. «Όταν ένας πελάτης είναι απασχολημένος με μια κοπέλα, η αστυνομία και να πούμε στον πελάτη" Ελάτε μαζί μας στην τράπεζα ή θα πει η γυναίκα σου, ' "Zodwa λέει.

Είναι εξαιρετικά δύσκολο για το φύλο των εργαζομένων να τεθούν οι καταγγελίες για βιασμό και κατάχρηση συμμετοχή της αστυνομίας ή των πελατών, σύμφωνα με Busie, μια όμορφη 25 ετών που εργάζεται σε ένα οίκο ανοχής Hillbrow.

"Αν πάτε στο αστυνομικό τμήμα, λένε" δεν θα ανοίξει μια περίπτωση, αυτό που σας αξίζει "."

Φύλο εργαζομένων ξανασταλεί το στίγμα που συνοδεύει είναι εγκληματίες. "Εάν οι άνθρωποι μας βλέπουν ως εγκληματίες δεν μας βλέπουν ως ανθρώπινα όντα», λέει ο Thando, ένα αρσενικό πόρνη στο σημείο Θάλασσα. Πόρνες εμπειρία στίγμα σε νοσοκομεία όταν δοκιμών για τις σεξουαλικά μεταδιδόμενες ασθένειες και όταν είναι σε θεραπεία για τη σωματική κακοποίηση.

"Αν ένας νοσοκόμος ξέρει είστε εργαζόμενος σεξ, τότε το όλο νοσοκομείο ξέρει", λέει ο Busie, "και τότε θα σας κάνουν να αισθανθείτε σαν ένας ανεξάρτητος."

Η προοπτική να φορολογούνται εάν φύλο εργασίας είναι decriminalised δεν ενοχλεί τη συνέντευξη πόρνες. "Δεν πειράζει πληρώνουν φόρο», λέει ο Thando, "γιατί θα είμαστε σε θέση να ανοίγουν λογαριασμούς." Σε μια μέση βραδιά που κερδίζει περίπου R1 500.

Busie λέει: "Θα πρέπει να κερδίζει περισσότερα, διότι δεν θα έχουμε για να μας δώσει χρήματα για την αστυνομία. Θα μπορούσαμε να την εργασία όποτε θέλουμε, και οι πελάτες μας δεν θα φοβάται."

Το έγγραφο της Επιτροπής είναι το τελευταίο βήμα για τη μεταρρύθμιση της νομοθεσίας της χώρας σχετικά με την πορνεία. Χρειάστηκαν επτά χρόνια για να παράγουν, λέει ο ερευνητής Dellene Clark Επιτροπή, καθώς και το σχέδιο νομοθεσίας θα είναι πιθανότατα έτοιμη για την παρουσίαση της δικαιοσύνης για την υπηρεσία μόνο για το 2011. Για πόσο καιρό η διαδικασία μπορεί να διαρκέσει "εξαρτάται από το τι αποτελεί προτεραιότητα για την κυβέρνηση τη στιγμή", λέει ο Clark.

Και που την επιλογή για να θέσει τα χρήματά σας για; "Με Zuma, δεν ξέρω", λέει ο Busie. "Αυτός δεν αναγνωρίζει τα δικαιώματα των γυναικών."

Zodwa είναι υπερβολικά κυνική. "Είμαι Ζουλού και Zuma είναι Ζουλού," λέει. "Κατά την παράδοση ένας άνδρας να έχει πολλές γυναίκες, δεν συμβαίνει το αντίθετο."

Prostitutes say the most frightening aspect of being deemed criminals is the way they are treated by the police. Men and women who work the streets say that police are not just indifferent to crimes committed against them, but are often the perpetrators.

But sex workers may now have a chance to change their working lives. The South African Law Reform Commission released a discussion paper on adult prostitution this month, calling for public comment until the end of June. The paper situates prostitution in the Constitution's commitment to human rights and social justice and suggests the existing law might breach South Africa's international obligations. It could lead to changes in the profession's legal status.

The paper outlines four legal models of sex work:

Total criminalisation -- the current regime;

Partial criminalisation, which would target only the buying of sex;

Non-criminalisation of adult prostitution; and

State regulation of adult prostitution, restricting it to specific zones.

Sex workers who spoke to the Mail & Guardian last week were overwhelmingly in favour of total decriminalisation.

Ray is a 40-year-old prostitute who works the streets of Woodstock and Salt River in Cape Town. She is a member of the Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Taskforce (Sweat), a non-profit organisation that works with sex workers.

Ray is most frightened of the police. "We are targets for them on the road," she says.

"I was raped by three cops; and sometimes they come and take my money out of my pocket."

Zodwa, who works in Hillbrow and is a counsellor at Sweat's Johannesburg counterpart, Sisonke, says the police approach prostitutes on the street and ask for a "cold drink", which translates into a bribe.

"If we don't pay they take us to the cells and they rape the girls in there."

Police intervention is often bad for business, but not in the way the law intended. "When a client is busy with a girl, the cops come and tell the client 'Come with us to the bank or we'll tell your wife,'" Zodwa says.

It is extremely hard for sex workers to lay complaints about rape or abuse involving police personnel or customers, according to Busie, a pretty 25-year-old who works in a Hillbrow brothel.

"If you go to the police station, they say 'we won't open a case, you deserve it'."

Sex workers resent the stigma that comes with being criminals. "If people see us as criminals they don't see us as human beings," says Thando, a male prostitute in Sea Point. Prostitutes experience stigma at hospitals when they test for sexually transmitted diseases and when they are treated for physical abuse.

"If one nurse knows you are a sex worker, then the whole hospital knows," says Busie, "and then they make you feel like an outsider."

The prospect of being taxed if sex work is decriminalised does not bother the prostitutes interviewed. "We don't mind paying tax," says Thando, "because we'll be able to open accounts." On an average night he earns about R1 500.

Busie says: "We will be earning more because we won't have to give our money to cops. We could work whenever we want, and our clients won't be scared."

The Commission's paper is the latest step towards reforming the country's laws on prostitution. It has taken seven years to produce, says commission researcher Dellene Clark, and draft legislation will probably be ready for presentation to the justice department only in 2011. How long the process might take "depends on what is a priority for government at the time", says Clark.

And which option to put your money on? "With Zuma, I don't know," says Busie. "He doesn't recognise women's rights."

Tags: general, greek, law reform, news, prostitution, sex workers, south africa, south african, ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ, ΜΕΤΑΡΡΎΘΜΙΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΊΟΥ, ΝΌΤΙΑ ΑΦΡΙΚΉ, ΝΕΑ, ΟΙ ΕΡΓΑΖΌΜΕΝΟΙ ΤΟΥ ΣΕΞ, ΤΗΣ ΝΌΤΙΑΣ ΑΦΡΙΚΉΣ, ΤΗΣ ΠΟΡΝΕΊΑΣ

English transcription follows at end.

Είμαι ότι παλιά?

I απρόθυμα να βγει από το μπάνιο, το οποίο εξακολουθεί να ατμό από μένα υπερβάλων μέχρι το ζεμάτισμα νερό κάθε πέντε λεπτά, γιατί αν δεν (που είναι να βγει) μου εγκέφαλο μπορεί να καταλήξει μαγειρευθούν.

I ξηρό εγώ γρήγορα και να περπατήσετε μέσα από το σαλόνι του να ρίξει τον εαυτό μου για να τον καναπέ, φλέβες μου φοβούνται ότι μπορεί να σκάσει. Έχω ακούσει ότι ζεμάτισμα λουτρά μπορεί να το κάνει αυτό, ακόμη και σε όσους από εμάς την τύχη να μην έχουν τη γενετική κιρσώδης φλέβα.

Ο άντρας μου βλέπει και μου λέει: "ο Χριστός, είναι αυτό που σας - βραστό αστακό;"

Θα γελάσεις, γιατί μου δίκαιη χροιά είναι επιρρεπείς σε στροφή κόκκινο στο ύψος ενός καπέλο - και το δέρμα μου είναι ακόμη ατμό. Να ψάξω για μια γρήγορη επιστροφή, αλλά μου οκτώ ετών γιο άλματα στο πριν από εμένα.

«Λοιπόν, μπαμπά, τον τρόπο με τον οποίο είστε τόσο σκοτεινό όταν άλμα στη θάλασσα καρχαρίες το πω, συγνώμη, δεν τρώνε κρέας καίγεται!" (Αυτό το πήραν από το "dissing" συνεδρίες του στο σχολείο, που είναι προφανώς το πιο πρόσφατο οργή.)

"Θα πάρω γνωρίζετε ότι ο Ναπολέων Βοναπάρτη άρεσε πολύ ζεστά λουτρά," I ευφυολογία πίσω τελικά.

"Όπως είμαι βέβαιος ότι οι περισσότεροι δικτάτορες κάνουμε," ο γέλια.

Δεν μπορώ να φαίνεται για να διορθώσουμε την κατάσταση απόψε.

Γιο μας συνεχίζει: "Γεια σου μαμά, μπαμπά είναι σαν να καίγεται το κρέας hey."

Αυτός βρίσκει τον εαυτό του απίστευτα αστεία. Εγώ δίπλα του και γαργαλάω του.

Λέω, "Κι εσύ, τι είσαι, Χμμ;"

Flops giggling Είναι περίπου σαν τρελό και Shouts, "Οχι, μαμά. Εντάξει, εντάξει, εγώ θα σου πω."

Θα σταματήσει. Φαίνεται σε με το μεγάλο μου καστανά μάτια και λέει, «Είμαι σας γλυκά-μέλι-τηγανίτα-delicious-φυστίκι-βουτύρου-caramello-παιδί."

"Ναι," I σκούζω, γαργάλισμα του σαν δαίμονας, "Είμαι και θα σας φάνε όλα."

Θα εξαντληθεί η πόρτα squealing. Gugulethu λουλουδιού, του λίγο brak, εκτελείται μετά τον yipping στην τραγουδούν-τραγούδι φωνή.

Ο shrieks που πηγαίνει στο δωμάτιό του. "Αλλά ο τρόπος για να είστε και οι δύο τόσο παλιά όταν πηγαίνετε επίσκεψη Νάνα που θα σας ρωτήσω αν είναι οι παππούδες μου!"

Ε;

Και με προβλημάτισε κάπως ανεπίλυτων πάω να μας χώρο για να τεθεί στην PJs μου.

Ο σύζυγός μου ρωτά, «Πού πας;"

Λέω, "Για να ντυθείς."

Λέει, "Γιατί σε ένα δωμάτιο;"

Λέω, "Γιατί να μην τα είχατε παρατηρήσει αλλά δεν περιφέρεται γυμνή και δεν το έχω επειδή το παιδί γεννήθηκε και δεν χάνει ποτέ την 10kgs Ι ανάκαμψη."

Μια χορεύτρια δεν συγχωρεί τις αλλαγές στο σώμα. Είναι μια μορφή συναισθηματικής ανορεξία.

Λέει, "Λοιπόν, εμείς πάμε για να αρχίσει και πάλι να ταιριάζουν."

Λέω, "Δεν έχετε παρατηρήσει πάω στο γυμναστήριο τρεις φορές την εβδομάδα."

Λέει, "Ναι, αλλά εξακολουθεί να χρειάζεται να ..."

Φοβάμαι πως αυτό μπορεί να έρθει δίπλα μου λέει, "Εσείς έχετε συνειδητοποιήσει ότι έχετε τη μία έχουμε και boep;"

Τώρα, είναι ένα σκληρό πράγμα που πρέπει να παραδεχτούμε τα σημάδια της γήρανσης του πληθυσμού για μια γυναίκα - αλλά ίσως ακόμη περισσότερο για έναν άνθρωπο. Και θα ήθελα να το μίσος να επαναλάβω το λάθος ένας φίλος μου γίνει ταινία, όταν ο σύζυγός της πριν από την επιστροφή που θα δεχθεί ως επίσης έχοντας την αγάπη λαβές - που τίθενται σε αυτόν κακοδιάθετος διάθεση για δύο ημέρες και στη συνέχεια είχε τον καθορισμό για πέντε ώρες την ημέρα και μιλάμε για αυτοκίνητα και μηχανάκια Porsches. Μου είπε ότι ήταν σε αναμονή για να το εμπόριο σε μια 30-ετών, επειδή αυτό είναι που συμβαίνει συνήθως. Είναι ακόμα σε αναμονή.

Θα εξετάσει την εγκυρότητα αυτής της προοπτικής που τραβάω μου χειμώνα πιτζάμες, τα οποία έχουν αρχίσει να αισθάνονται κάπως αυστηρότερη γύρω από τη μέση.

Αν έκανε σχέσεις εντάσσονται σε ιδιαίτερες προβλέψεις, τότε αυτό είναι το πώς πρέπει να παίζουν έξω.

Οι άνδρες φθάσουν το 50 και στη συνέχεια ρίχνει τα μάτια τους μέχρι 30 ετών. Οι σύζυγοι των σαράντα κάτι που μερικές φορές είναι πολύ ανακουφισμένος σε αυτό το στάδιο, επειδή εξακολουθούν να έχουν μια δεκαετία αριστερά από ό, τι σε αυτές και είναι συνήθως βαρεθεί με τους συζύγους τους.

Σήμερα, επίσης, να ρίξει τα μάτια τους νεότερους άνδρες (σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις ακόμη και τους 20s). Τότε, ο ηλικίας 50 ετών οι άνδρες φθάσει τους 60 και τους μέχρι τώρα κάτι σαράντα ετών είναι λάτρεις να ανησυχούν για να δούμε μετά από μια χωματερή geriatric και τους είκοσι κάτι ετών καρφιά.

Ο ηλικίας 50 ετών οι γυναίκες που έχουν επίσης ντάμπινγκ από τους πλέον κάτι τριάντα ετών καρφιά που ψάχνουν τώρα για είκοσι κάτι ετών σύζυγοι - έχουν εγκαταλείψει το βλέμμα στραμμένο στο 60 ετών οι άνδρες οι οποίοι είναι τώρα μάλλον salivating άνω των 16 ετών τα κορίτσια. Στο τέλος, ίσως όλα γεράσει μόνη της και αξίζει να είμαστε με όλη αυτή τη σύγχυση και την παράνοια.

Και τώρα μου είναι μαγειρευθούν εγκεφάλου.

I reluctantly get out of my bath, which is still steaming from me topping it up with scalding water every five minutes, because if I don't (get out that is) my brain might end up thoroughly cooked.

I dry myself quickly and walk through to the lounge to throw myself on to the couch, afraid that my veins might burst. I've heard that scalding baths can do this even to those of us lucky enough not to have the varicose vein genetics.

My husband sees me and says: "Christ, what are you -- boiled lobster?"

I laugh, because my fair complexion is prone to turning red at the drop of a hat -- and my skin is still steaming. I search for a quick comeback, but my eight-year-old son jumps in before me.

"Well, dad, the way you're so dark when you jump in the sea the sharks say, sorry, we don't eat burnt meat!" (This picked up from "dissing" sessions at his school, which are apparently the latest rage.)

"I'll have you know that Napoleon Bonaparte liked his baths hot too," I quip back eventually.

"As I'm sure most dictators do," he laughs.

I can't seem to get it right tonight.

Our son continues: "Hey mom, dad is like burnt meat hey."

He finds himself incredibly funny. I fall next to him and tickle him.

I say, "And you, what are you, hmm?"

He flops around giggling like crazy and shouts, "No, man, mom. Okay, okay, I'll tell you."

I stop. He looks at me with his big brown eyes and says, "I'm your sweet-honey-muffin-delicious-peanut-butter-caramello-boy."

"Yes," I shriek, tickling him like a demon, "and I'm gonna eat you all up."

He runs out the door squealing. Gugulethu Flower, his little brak, runs after him yipping in her sing-song voice.

He shrieks as he goes into his room. "But the way you're both getting so old when you go visit Nana she'll ask if you are my grandparents!"

Huh?

Perplexed and somewhat unsettled I go to our room to put on my PJs.

My husband asks, "Where are you going?"

I say, "To get dressed."

He says, "Why in the room?"

I say, "Because you may not have noticed but I don't walk around nude and I haven't since our child was born and I didn't ever lose the 10kgs I picked up."

A dancer never forgives the changes in her body. It's a form of emotional anorexia.

He says, "Okay, so we're going to start getting fit again."

I say, "Haven't you noticed I go to gym three times a week."

He says, "Ja, but still we need to …"

Afraid of what might come next I say, "You do realise that you are the one getting a boep?"

Now, it's a hard thing to admit the signs of ageing for a woman -- but maybe even more so for a man. And I would hate to repeat the mistake a friend of mine made when she filmed her husband from the back before he would admit to also having love handles -- which put him in a morose mood for two days and then had him working out for five hours a day and talking about motor bikes and Porsches. She told me that she was waiting for him to trade her in for a 30-year-old because this is what usually happens. She's still waiting.

I ponder the validity of this perspective as I pull on my winter pyjamas, which are beginning to feel a bit tighter around the waist.

If relationships did fit into her particular forecast then this is how it must play out.

Men reach 50 and then cast their eyes to 30-year-olds. Their wives of forty something are sometimes quite relieved at this stage because they still have a decade left of whatever is in them and are usually bored with their husbands.

They now also cast their eyes to younger men (in some cases even in their 20s). Then the 50-year-old men reach their 60s and their by now forty something-year-old lovers are getting worried about having to look after a geriatric and dump them for twenty something-year-old studs.

The 50-year-old women who have also been dumped by their now thirty-something-year-old studs who are now looking for twenty something-year-old wives -- are left looking to the 60-year-old men who are now probably salivating over 16-year-old girls. In the end we probably all grow old alone and we deserve to with all this confusion and madness.

Tags: ageing, body language, greek, opinion, ΓΉΡΑΝΣΗ, ΓΛΏΣΣΑ ΤΟΥ ΣΏΜΑΤΟΣ, ΓΝΏΜΗ, ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ

Καπνός θανάτους υψηλότερο από το HIV / AIDS, της ελονοσίας και της φυματίωσης

Καπνός θανάτους υψηλότερο από το HIV / AIDS, της ελονοσίας και της φυματίωσης

Πάνω από πέντε εκατομμύρια άνθρωποι πεθαίνουν από τις επιπτώσεις του καπνού σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο το έτος, η οποία είναι υψηλότερη από το HIV / AIDS, της ελονοσίας και της φυματίωσης, σε συνδυασμό θανάτων, της Νοτίου Αφρικής Ιατρικού Συλλόγου (Sama) δήλωσε την Πέμπτη.

"Είναι το μόνο νομικό καταναλωτικό προϊόν που σκοτώνει όταν χρησιμοποιείται ακριβώς όπως ο κατασκευαστής σκοπεύει," Sama μέλος Trevor Terblanche είπε ο Δρ.

Ήταν μιλώντας πριν από την Παγκόσμια Ημέρα του καπνίσματος στις 31 Μαΐου, που έχει σαν θέμα "προειδοποιήσεις για την υγεία".

"Μέχρι και το ήμισυ του συνόλου των καπνιστών θα πεθάνουν από ασθένειες που σχετίζονται με τον καπνό. Είναι επίσης γνωστό ότι το παθητικό κάπνισμα βλάπτει όλους εκείνους που είναι εκτεθειμένοι σε αυτόν», είπε σε μια δήλωση.

Terblanche είπε όλο και περισσότερες χώρες έχουν την καταπολέμηση του καπνού, απαιτώντας από τις εταιρείες που συσκευασίες προϊόντων καπνού γραφικώς δείχνουν τους κινδύνους του καπνίσματος.

"Παρ 'όλες τις προσπάθειες ωστόσο, εννέα στις δέκα άτομα ζουν σε χώρες που δεν απαιτούν προειδοποιήσεις με εικόνες στις συσκευασίες προϊόντων καπνού," είπε.

"Η νικοτίνη είναι ένα ιδιαίτερα εθιστικό ουσία. Προειδοποίηση τους πολίτες σχετικά με την πραγματική τους κινδύνους μπορεί να βοηθήσει σε μεγάλο βαθμό προς την κατεύθυνση της μείωσης κάπνισμα."

Είπε απαιτούν προειδοποιήσεις στις συσκευασίες προϊόντων καπνού ήταν μία απλή, φθηνή και αποτελεσματική στρατηγική που θα μπορούσε να σώσει ζωές.

Terblanche εξήγησε ότι το κάπνισμα αντιπροσώπευαν τουλάχιστον το 30 τοις εκατό όλων των θανάτων που συνδέονται με τον καρκίνο, και μπορούν επίσης να προκαλέσουν ζημίες στην γυναίκα του αναπαραγωγικού συστήματος, καθώς και χτύπησε μωρά.

Η συνήθεια έχει επίσης συνδέεται με άλλα προβλήματα υγείας συμπεριλαμβανομένων των ούλων νόσου, καταρράκτη, λέπτυνση των οστών, κατάγματα ισχίου, πεπτικά έλκη, εκφύλιση της ωχράς κηλίδας, και η ασθένεια των ματιών.

Over five million people die from the effects of tobacco globally a year, which is higher than HIV/Aids, malaria and tuberculosis deaths combined, the South African Medical Association (Sama) said on Thursday.

"It is the only legal consumer product that kills when used exactly as the manufacturer intends," Sama member Dr Trevor Terblanche said.

He was speaking ahead of World Tobacco Day on May 31 which has as its theme "Health Warnings".

"Up to half of all smokers will die from a tobacco-related disease. It is also a known fact that second-hand smoke harms everyone who is exposed to it," he said in a statement.

Terblanche said more and more countries were fighting tobacco companies by requiring that tobacco packages graphically show the dangers of smoking.

"Despite all the efforts though, nine out of ten people live in countries that do not require warnings with pictures on tobacco packages," he said.

"Nicotine is a highly addictive substance. Warning people about its true risks can go a long way towards reducing tobacco addiction."

He said requiring warnings on tobacco packages was a simple, cheap and effective strategy that could save lives.

Terblanche explained that smoking accounted for at least 30 percent of all cancer-related deaths, and can also damage a woman's reproductive system, as well as hurt babies.

Tags: durban, greek, health, sama, south africa, tobacco, Ελληνικά, Η ΝΌΤΙΑ ΑΦΡΙΚΉ, Ο ΚΑΠΝΌΣ, ΥΓΕΙΑ

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1. a masculine name: dim. Gus;  fem. Augusta;  equiv. Fr. Auguste,  Ger. August , It. Augusto
2. (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ) 63 B.C.-A.D. 14; 1st Rom. emperor (27 B.C.-A.D. 14): grandnephew of Julius Caesar: also called Octavian

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Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, (died 13 BC), Roman consul and army commander; triumvir with Antony and Octavian (Augustus); his army betrayed him when he attempted a revolt against Octavian

Actium, promontory and ancient town in n.w. Acarnania, in Greece; site of naval battle preceding Peloponnesian War 434 BC

The first emperor of Rome was Augustus. During his long reign, which began in 27 BC during the Golden Age of Latin literature, the Roman world also entered a splendid era of civil peace and prosperity.

Augustus was born Gaius Octavius near Rome on Sept. 23, 63 BC. After Julius Caesar, his great-uncle, adopted him and made him his heir, he was known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, or Octavian. When Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, Octavian, then 18, was living in Illyria, across the Adriatic. A letter from his mother warned him to flee eastward. Instead, he hurried to Rome. In the power struggle that followed Caesar's death, his old soldiers rallied to Octavian. The youth also won the support of the Roman senate. Mark Antony and Lepidus, his chief rivals, were forced to come to terms with him. Together they formed a triumvirate (government by three). At Philippi, in 42 BC, they defeated the republican army, headed by Brutus and Cassius. Lepidus was later stripped of his power. Antony and Octavian then divided the Roman world between them, with Octavian supreme in Italy and the West.

Antony took over the eastern provinces but neglected them to spend time at the court of the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra, in Alexandria. Octavian got the Roman senate to declare war on Egypt and won a decisive victory in the naval battle of Actium in 31 BC. Antony and Cleopatra escaped to Alexandria. The next year Octavian defeated Antony again in Egypt. Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. Egypt was annexed to Rome, and Octavian returned to Rome in triumph.

The battle of Actium made Octavian master of Rome and its provinces. He kept up a show of republican government, with himself as first citizen (princeps civitatis). However, historians consider the date 31 BC to mark the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. In 27 BC the senate conferred on Octavian the title Augustus (the exalted or sacred one), implying he was more than a man but not quite a god. Later he was acclaimed Pater Patriae (father of his country).

After a series of victories, the expansion of Augustus' empire was stopped at the Rhine River by the Germans' defeat of the Roman general Varus in AD 9. From this time Augustus concentrated on domestic problems and the reform of the army. The political system he established endured essentially without change for three centuries. He did so much to beautify Rome that it was said he found a city of brick and left a city of marble. He also founded cities in the provinces, encouraged agriculture, promoted learning, and patronized the arts. The great writers Virgil, Horace, Livy, and Ovid flourished in this Augustan age a term since used to describe periods of great literary achievement in modern nations. Although he was never in good health, Augustus' will helped him to survive. After his death, on Aug. 19, AD 14, he was deified. He was succeeded by his adopted son, Tiberius.

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Related articles: RELIGIOUS INSIGHT, AUGUSTUS, Mark ANTONY, CLEOPATRA, LATIN LITERATURE, Julius CAESAR, ROMAN EMPIRE, TIBERIUS

Tags: augustus, cleopatra, julius caesar, latin literature, mark antony, religious insight, roman empire, tiberius

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Gr. & Rom. Myth. the three goddesses who control human destiny and life

According to the mythology of many ancient peoples, the gods spun the web of human destiny, or fate. In Greek mythology there were three goddesses called the Moirai. The Greek poet Hesiod, in his 'Theogony', wrote that they were the daughters of Zeus and Themis. In another passage he called them the daughters of Night.

Their names were Clotho (Spinner), who spun the thread of life; Lachesis (Disposer of Lots), who determined its length; and Atropos (Inflexible), who cut the thread. They had no will of their own but did what Zeus told them to do; hence the word fate, from the Latin fatum, "that which is spoken."

In Modern Greek folklore the Moirai appear on the third night after a child's birth and direct the course of its life. The Roman Fates, who corresponded to the Greek Moirai, were the Parcae (plural of Parca, the goddess of childbirth), or birth spirits. Their names were Nona, Decuma, and Morta. The French Fates were called Parques, after the Latin.

In German and Norse mythology the three Norns wove and spun the web of life. They were Urth, or Urd (the past); Verthandi, or Verdandi (the present); and Skuld (the Future). The Egyptians personified fate in the god Shai. The name was derived from the verb meaning to decide. The Chinese word for fate is ming, which means something spoken or decreed. In the West the concept of fate has been displaced for many by the notion of God as determiner of events.

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1. Gr. Myth.  the goddess of love and beauty: identified with the Roman Venus
2. a silver-spotted, large, brown butterfly (Speyeria aphrodite ) of NE North America

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'Iliad', epic poem by Homer on wrath of Achilles and the Trojan War

Cupid, in Roman mythology, god of love; same as Greek god Eros; son of Venus; pictured as blindfolded boy with bow and arrows

Diomedes, mythological figure, king of Thrace; had flesh-eating wild mares

Of all the goddesses of ancient mythology, none was more widely venerated than the goddess of love. The Greeks called her Aphrodite. The Romans worshiped her as Venus.

In Homer's 'Iliad' Aphrodite is said to be the daughter of Zeus and Dione, a Titan goddess. Other stories tell how she sprang, full-grown, from the foam of the sea near the island Cythera. (Aphros is Greek for "foam.") From there Zephyrus, the west wind, carried her gently on a shell to Cyprus, which was always regarded as her real home. There the Hours met her, clothed her, and brought her to the gods.

Every god even Zeus himself wanted this beautiful, golden goddess as his wife. Aphrodite was too proud and rejected them all. To punish her, Zeus gave her to Hephaestus (Vulcan in Roman mythology), the lame and ugly god of the forge. This good-natured artisan built her a splendid palace on Cyprus. Aphrodite soon left him for Ares (Mars), the handsome god of war. One of their children was Eros (Cupid), the winged god of love.

Always eager to help lovers in distress, Aphrodite was equally quick to punish those who resisted the call of love. Cupid shot golden arrows into the hearts of those his mother wanted to unite in marriage. Aphrodite also had a magic girdle that made its wearer irresistible, and she sometimes loaned it to others. Under her influence Zeus more than once fell in love with mortal maidens. Afraid of being mocked someday by Aphrodite, Zeus decreed she should lose her heart to Anchises, a shepherd of Troy. From this union was born Aeneas, the mythical ancestor of the Roman people.

Aphrodite helped Paris of Troy win the beautiful Helen of Greece. In the war that followed she proved to be a so-called "coward goddess." When Aeneas was wounded by Diomedes, she lifted him up in her soft arms and bore him from the field. Diomedes, advised by Athena that he could attack Aphrodite with safety, thrust at her with his spear and cut her hand. Aphrodite fled weeping to Mount Olympus to be healed and comforted.

Aphrodite was worshiped chiefly as the goddess of human love. She was also widely venerated as a nature goddess. Because she came from the sea, sailors prayed to her to calm the wind and the waves.

The poets of Greece and Rome never tired of singing the praises of the love goddess. Their sculptors carved countless figures of her. The most celebrated statue of Aphrodite in ancient times was that carved by Praxiteles at Cnidus, on the coast of Asia Minor. This has never been found by archaeologists. The most famous one that remains today is the beautiful 'Venus de Milo', now in the Louvre in Paris.

In the 'Iliad' Aphrodite is called the Cyprian or Cytherea. She is also referred to as Dionaea, after her mother, or even Dione. Other names for her are Aphrogenia, Anadyomene, and Astarte. It is often written Ashtoreth, particularly in Bible references to Philistine idols. The name may have been derived from that of the Assyrian goddess Ishtar.

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Tags: aeneas, aphrodite, religious insight, trojan war

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Gr. & Rom. Myth.  the god of music, poetry, prophecy, and medicine, represented as exemplifying manly youth and beauty: later identified with Helios

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Mount Parnassus, (modern Liakoura), mountain in central Greece, n. of Gulf of Corinth; sacred to Apollo and the Muses

Of the 12 great gods of Greece, the handsomest and best loved was Apollo. He was the god of light, youth, beauty, and prophecy. The priestess of the oracle at Delphi was his servant.

One of the earliest deeds of the young Apollo was the slaying of the deadly serpent Python. No man dared to approach the beast, which lived in the hills near Delphi. When the people asked Apollo to save them, he came down from Mount Olympus with his silver bow and a quiver of golden arrows. Apollo used one of the arrows to kill the serpent. In memory of this victory Apollo was believed to have started the Pythian games, which were held every four years in ancient Greece. The winners in feats of strength, in foot races, and in chariot races were crowned with wreaths of laurel leaves.

Apollo was also the god of song, music, and poetry. He charmed the gods with his playing at the banquets held in their palaces on Mount Olympus. It was said among the later Greeks that he invented both the flute and the lyre.

According to Greek mythology, Apollo was the son of Zeus and twin brother of Artemis (Diana). He was born on the island of Delos in the Aegean Sea. His mother was the goddess Leto (Latona). Later, through confusion with Helios, he came to be considered especially as the sun god. The Greeks connected him with agriculture and called him "protector of the grain," "sender of fertilizing dew," "preventer of blight," "destroyer of locusts," and "destroyer of mice." They considered him the guardian of flocks and herds and a health-giving god. He was hailed as the "god of the silver bow" and in wartime as "the helper."

At Delphi in central Greece, near the foot of Mount Parnassus sacred to Apollo and the Muses was the famous oracle of Apollo. Here his priestess made known the future to all who consulted her. She gave guidance in matters of sickness, war and peace, and in the building of colonies. The tripod was dedicated especially to Apollo, and it was sacred to him as the god of prophecy. He was made one of the chief gods of Rome by an edict of the Emperor Augustus. The emperor regarded him as his patron deity and built a magnificent temple in his honour.

Apollo was represented by ancient sculptors as a beautiful youth with flowing hair tied in a knot above his forehead, crowned with a wreath of laurel and bearing his lyre or bow. The most famous statue of him is the 'Apollo Belvedere', which is a Roman copy of a Greek bronze original and is in the Vatican Museum in Rome.

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Gr. Myth.  the goddess of wisdom, skills, and warfare: identified with the Roman Minerva

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Minerva, in Roman mythology, goddess of wisdom; Greek counterpart is Athena

Panathenaea, the oldest and most important of ancient Athenian festivals, in honour of Athena

The war goddess of the ancient Greeks was Athena often called Pallas Athena, or simply Pallas. The Romans identified her as Minerva and ranked her third among their gods, after Jupiter and Juno. Athena was also worshiped as the goddess of wisdom and of crafts, especially spinning and weaving.

According to mythology, Athena was the favourite daughter of Zeus (Jupiter). She was said to have sprung from his head full grown and clothed in armour. The goddess was usually shown wearing a helmet and carrying a spear and shield. Like her father, she also wore the magic aegis a goatskin breastplate, fringed with snakes, that produced thunderbolts when shaken. Athena was very different from the war god Ares. She represented the intellectual and civilized side of war she was not so much a fighter as a wise and prudent adviser.

Athena was regarded as the protector of all cities and states. She was wise not only in war but also in the arts of peace. She supposedly invented the plough and taught men how to yoke oxen.

Athens became the most important seat of the worship of Athena. Zeus had decreed that the city should be given to the god who offered the most useful gift to the people. Poseidon gave them the horse. Athena struck the bare soil with her spear and caused an olive tree to spring up. The people were so delighted with the olive that Zeus gave the city to Athena and named it after her. Athena is often shown with an olive branch, a symbol of peace and plenty.

On the hill of the Acropolis the Athenians built a beautiful temple to Athena called the Parthenon (from parthenos, meaning "virgin"). In the temple stood the ivory and gold statue called the Athena Parthenos, by Phidias, the greatest Greek sculptor.

The Athenians held their most important festival, the Panathenaea, on the day considered to be the goddess' birthday. It was celebrated by a procession, sacrifices, and games.

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Tags: acropolis, athena, mythology, phidias, religious insight